Inability of devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each other or the cloud due to closed architectures.

Difficulty in incorporating older machinery with analog or serial communication into the modern IoT world.

The complexity of aggregating dozens of protocols like Modbus, Profinet, or EtherCAT into a single data center.

Costly and complicated physical infrastructure requirements when adding new sensors to the floor.

Weeks of coding and configuration processes required for every new device integration.

Failure to convert raw data from various sources into an analyzable and uniform format.